| Expert-commissioned | Formal expert council or commission | Evidence synthesis, hearings, deliberation, integrated report, political filtering | Analytical coherence, common vocabulary, visible diagnosis | Professional closure, manufactured consensus, weak linkage to implementation |
| Executive-decisionist | President, cabinet, ministries, executive agencies | Selective technical input, crisis framing, rapid agenda closure, legislative authorization | Speed, decisiveness, clear accountability, responsiveness | Limited contestation, weak learning, implementation and stability risks |
| Dialogic-negotiated | Multi-actor dialogue among state and organized stakeholders | Joint diagnosis, thematic negotiation, iterative drafting, incremental translation | Ownership, experiential knowledge, implementation fit, legitimacy | Slow process, compromise, representation gaps, blurred accountability |