Table 5. Regression results (heterogeneity by nonprofit type)

Nonprofit fraud	Model 1(AR)	Model 2(ED)	Model 3(HE)	Model 4(HU)	Model 5(OT)
	Coef.(S.E.)	Coef.(S.E.)	Coef.(S.E.)	Coef.(S.E.)	Coef.(S.E.)
Governance policies	–0.090(0.185)	–0.476(0.154)***	–0.295(0.184)	–0.142(0.072)**	–0.019(0.068)
Financial audit systems	0.042(0.550)	–0.299(0.361)	0.103(0.481)	–0.159(0.180)	–0.337(0.167)**
Orgs. characteristics
Board size	0.257	0.238	0.486	–0.199	–0.112
	(0.428)	(0.379)	(0.413)	(0.180)	(0.127)
Board independence	0.246	0.054	1.005	–0.584	–0.311
	(1.046)	(0.845)	(1.125)	(0.415)	(0.399)
Org. age	0.010	–0.003	0.005	0.005	0.013**
	(0.021)	(0.018)	(0.017)	(0.008)	(0.006)
Org. size	–0.248	0.059	–0.058	–0.071	–0.086
	(0.169)	(0.110)	(0.117)	(0.063)	(0.057)
Employee	0.102**	–0.001	0.004	–0.001	–0.007
	(0.050)	(0.002)	(0.004)	(0.003)	(0.010)
Government grant	–0.073	0.895	–1.475*	–0.043	0.597
	(0.787)	(0.592)	(0.891)	(0.310)	(0.411)
Donative org.	–1.108	–0.588	0.067	–0.219	–0.035
	(0.930)	(0.661)	(0.776)	(0.295)	(0.308)
Debt ratio	4.365***	–0.127	1.985*	0.953**	0.897**
	(1.569)	(0.992)	(1.065)	(0.404)	(0.440)
Family relation	0.075	0.473*	0.084	0.573**	0.434
	(1.020)	(0.711)	(1.150)	(0.423)	(0.366)
Location (urban=1)	–1.235	–1.896**	–0.451	0.056	–0.270
	(0.994)	(0.863)	(0.935)	(0.320)	(0.325)
Constant	2.116	0.656	–0.660	2.092**	1.467*
	(2.194)	(1.668)	(2.207)	(0.932)	(0.871)
Observations	104	132	140	480	424

p<0.1,
p<0.05,
p<0.01.
AR, art and cultural; ED, education; HE, health related; HU, human services; OT, others.