Table 2. Descriptive statistics

Variables	Nonprofits that did not report fraud (N=640)		Nonprofits that report fraud (N=640)		t-test
	Mean	S.D.	Mean	S.D.	p-value
Governance policies	3.81	2.55	3.22	1.91	0.000
Form 990 transparency	0.69	0.46	0.63	0.48	0.043
Conflict of interest policy	0.54	0.50	0.49	0.50	0.076
Annual disclosure of conflicts	0.47	0.50	0.41	0.49	0.060
Policy monitoring and enforcement	0.82	0.38	0.75	0.43	0.006
Whistleblower policy	0.33	0.47	0.25	0.43	0.004
Document retention and destruction	0.38	0.49	0.33	0.47	0.067
Compensation process for CEO	0.35	0.48	0.23	0.42	0.000
Compensation process for other	0.24	0.43	0.13	0.34	0.000
Financial audit systems	0.65	0.90	0.44	0.79	0.000
Independent compilation or review	0.11	0.31	0.12	0.32	0.296
Independent audit	0.27	0.44	0.14	0.35	0.000
Audit oversight committee	0.27	0.45	0.18	0.39	0.001
Organizational characteristics
Board size	2.77	0.84	2.68	1.02	0.085
Board independence	0.86	0.32	0.81	0.36	0.025
Orgs. age	28.7	20.39	30.67	22.82	0.114
Orgs. size	13.03	2.07	12.47	3.30	0.002
Employee	2.37	0.11	2.13	0.91	0.046
Government grant	0.26	0.44	0.22	0.42	0.090
Donative orgs.	0.61	0.45	0.55	0.47	0.025
Debt ratio	0.18	0.30	0.25	0.36	0.001
Family relation	0.13	0.34	0.18	0.38	0.043
Location (urban=1)	0.36	0.48	0.36	0.48	0.565

Orgs, organizations.