Table 5. Fixed effects regression for voluntary association: after Asian financial crisis

Variables	(1)	(2)	(3)
	EA Dem.	EA8	IMF3
Association	0.195	0.185	0.195
	(0.193)	(0.173)	(0.169)
Association×group	–0.0320	0.0210	–0.612*
	(0.222)	(0.323)	(0.363)
Association×after crisis	–0.207	–0.203	–0.208
	(0.146)	(0.137)	(0.132)
Group×after crisis	–0.309	–0.402	–0.773***
	(0.198)	(0.314)	(0.159)
Association×group×after crisis	0.665	0.837	1.572***
	(0.410)	(0.608)	(0.286)
JI de jure	0.0150**	0.0149**	0.0152**
	(0.00698)	(0.00692)	(0.00704)
Gov. consumption	–0.00412*	–0.00409*	–0.00412*
	(0.00245)	(0.00240)	(0.00244)
Education	–0.00340	–0.00280	–0.00663
	(0.0149)	(0.0146)	(0.0147)
Urban population	0.00194	0.00238	0.000634
	(0.00262)	(0.00241)	(0.00215)
Constant	0.459**	0.432**	0.568***
	(0.207)	(0.195)	(0.179)
Country fixed effect	Yes	Yes	Yes
Year fixed effect	Yes	Yes	Yes
Observations	302	302	302
R-squared	0.125	0.131	0.155

p<0.1,
p<0.05,
p<0.01.
Robust standard errors in parentheses.
EA Dem.: South Korea, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines.
EA8: China, Japan, South Korea, Singapore, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines.
IMF3: South Korea, Thailand, Indonesia
After crisis is coded 1 for years 2000, 2005. Coded 0 for years 1990, 1995.