Table 1. Observed variables of the factors

Group of factors Observable variables
1. Natural and economic conditions (1) Climate change, (2) drought, and salinity, (3) household income, (4) occupation, (5) food security
2. Human and social (1) Ethnicity, (2) education level, (3) language used, (4) residential area
3. Religious and community institutions (1) Role of religious organizations, (2) dignitaries, (3) customs, (4) and festivals
4. Local policy institutions (1) Staff capacity, (2) inter-sectoral coordination, (3) level of policy integration, (4) policy facilitation
5. Level of community participation (1) Dialogue, (2) consultation, (3) policy feedback, (4) trust in the government
6. Technology application-digital transformation (1) Access to policy information, (2) use of digital tools, (3) ethnic data, (4) public administration reform
7. Ethnic-religious policies (1) Policies are formulated to suit each ethnic and religious group; (2) Policies are well implemented; (3) Policies have created positive changes; (4) Policies are highly appreciated.
Source: author’s synthesis.