Table 2. Intergenerational living models in different countries

Models and countries	Background	Resident eligibility	Mutual benefits
Alicante, Spain	Retirement villages were unable to address feelings of isolation among residents.	Preference is given to adults aged 65 years or older in financial difficulty and adults aged 35 years or younger based on income and social work experience.	Discounted or waived rent for young adults; older adults rent out unused space and receive companionship and care from young adult tenants.
Humanitas Deventer Long-Term Care Center, the Netherlands	Welfare policies were introduced to increase the use of vacant rooms in institutions.	Students with special skills.	Young adults exchange 30 hours of service each month for free housing.
Geku-Haus, Germany	Demonstrating the value of passing on older adults’ experiences.	Older adults are mostly professionals with special craft skills; young adults are artists or work in marketing.	Older adults help young adults find employment, create budgets, or complete proposals; young adults provide companionship.
Judson Manor Retirement Center, USA	Free housing for students in financial need.	Music and art students in financial need.	Students hold concerts, give solo performances, or participate in music or art therapy in exchange for free housing.
Le Pari Solidare, France	Older adults who live alone are susceptible to severe heat waves.	No restrictions.	Older adults provide housing for little to no rent; young adults provide companionship in lieu of rent.
Machi-ing Hongo Home Share Program, Japan	Severe population aging.	Youths and young adults studying in Tokyo.	Older adults provide cheap or free housing to youths and young adults.