Table 5. Effect of state interventions on in-work poverty

Intervention 1	Intervention 2	Effect direction	Study
Tax credits	Tax benefits	−/Negative	Jara Tamayo & Popova (2021)
	EITC	+/Positive1)	Hardy et al. (2018)
Social insurance (including social security)	Welfare state index	−/Negative	Brady et al. (2010)
	Unemployment benefits (for all workers)	+/Positive	Horemans et al. (2016)
	Unemployment benefits (for part-time workers)	+/Positive	Horemans et al. (2016)
	Benefits (pension and sickness) for all workers	−/Negative	Horemans et al. (2016)
	Benefits (pension and sickness) for part-time workers	−/Negative	Horemans et al. (2016)
	Pensions for transient in-work poverty2)	−/Negative3)	Poy (2023)
	Pensions for persistent in-work poverty4)	−/Negative	Poy (2023)
Social welfare program	TANF (1 month participation)	+/Positive	Cheng (2010)5)
	TANF (restrictive TANF policies)	−/Negative	Cheng (2010)
	TANF	−/Negative	Brady et al. (2013)
	TANF	−/Negative6)	Hardy et al. (2018)
	SNAP	+/Positive7)	Hardy et al. (2018)
	SNAP	−/Negative8)	Hardy et al. (2018)
	Public housing	+/Positive	Cheng (2010)
	Public housing	+/Positive9)	Cheung et al. (2019)
	Cash transfer	−/Negative	Wagle (2011)
	Cash transfer (conditional) for transient in-work poverty	+/Positive	Poy (2023)
	Cash transfer (conditional) for persistent in-work poverty	+/Positive	Poy (2023)
	Paid maternity leave	−/Negative	Kang (2020)
Law/regulation	Labor union	−/Negative	Brady et al. (2010)
	Labor union	−/Negative	Brady et al. (2013)
	Rates of wages and salary	−/Negative	Wagle (2011)
	Minimum wage	−/Negative	Neumark et al. (2012)
Combined	Pensions×Cash transfer (conditional) for transient in-work poverty	+/Positive	Poy (2023)
	Pensions×Cash transfer (conditional) for persistent in-work poverty	+/Positive	Poy (2023)

The probability of EITC participation (poverty threshold: 200% of federal poverty line).
Transient in-work poverty involves every individual that experienced only one poverty episode.
A relative risk ratio (RRR) higher than 1 means that a covariate is positively related to a certain type of in-work poverty, whereas an RRR lower than 1 has the opposite interpretation.
Persistent in-work poverty includes every individual in poverty during two survey periods.
Cheng (2010) used the odds of an exit from in-work poverty by becoming working nonpoor or TANF recipient.
The probability of SNAP participation (poverty threshold: 130% of federal poverty line).
The probability of SNAP participation (poverty threshold: 130% of federal poverty line).
The probability of EITC participation (poverty threshold: 200% of federal poverty line).
Public housing recipients have higher risk of in-work poverty than non-recipients.
EITC, earned income tax credits; TANF, temporary assistance for needy family; SNAP, supplemental nutrition assistance rogram.