Table 1. Characteristics of included studies

Study characteristics N (%)
Publication year (n=14)
 2010 3 (21.4)
 2019 2 (14.3)
 2012 2 (14.3)
 2011 1 (7.1)
 2013 1 (7.1)
 2016 1 (7.1)
 2018 1 (7.1)
 2020 1 (7.1)
 2021 1 (7.1)
 2023 1 (7.1)
Study region (n=14)
 The USA 6 (42.9)
 Europe 5 (35.7)
 Argentina 1 (7.1)
 Hong Kong 1 (7.1)
 World 1 (7.1)
Data (n=14)
 Current population survey (CPS) & annual social and economic supplement (ASEC) 4 (28.6)
 EUROMOD 2 (14.3)
 EU-SILC 2 (14.3)
Luxembourg income study (LIS) 2 (14.3)
 Primary data 1 (7.1)
 The households below average income/family resources survey (HBA/FRS) 1 (7.1)
 The permanent household survey (EPH) 1 (7.1)
 The survey of income and program participation (SIPP) 1996 panel 1 (7.1)
Intervention (n=27)
 Social welfare program (TANF, SNAP, public housing) 12 (44.4)
 Social insurance/security (unemployment, sickness, pension, and paid maternity leave) 6 (22.2)
 Law/regulation (minimum wage, labor union, and rate of wage and salary) 5 (18.5)
 Tax credits (EITC, ACTC, ITC, WTC, UK Working Tax credit) 3 (11.1)
 Combined: Pensions×Cash transfer 1 (3.7)
TANF, temporary assistance for needy family; SNAP, supplemental nutrition assistance program; ACTC, additional child tax credit; EITC, earned income tax credits; WTC, working tax credit; UK, United Kingdom.