Table 5. Two-way fixed effects panel regressions (clustering, with interaction) of average log nightlight intensity on binary variables of interest, SEZs excluded (January 2020 to January 2022)

Variables	(12)Log nightlight activity	(13)Log nightlight activity
Border with China (SEZs excluded)	–0.006247(0.01685)
Manufacturing focused (SEZs excluded)		–0.02106*(0.01069)
Provincial population density (people/km2)	0.003079***(0.0001027)	0.003081***(0.0001026)
Nightlight activity×Provincial pop. density	–0.0001288***(0.0000091)	–0.0002934***(0.00001048)
Constant	–1.937***(0.02341)	–1.929***(0.02378)
Observations	3,420	3,420
Adjusted R2	0.4115	0.4121

Standard errors in parentheses.
p<0.05,
p<0.001.
SEZ, special economic zone.