Table 3. Two-way fixed effects panel regressions (clustering, with interaction) of average log nightlight intensity on binary variables of interest (January 2020 to January 2022)

Variables	(1)Log nightlight activity	(2)Log nightlight activity	(3)Log nightlight activity	(4)Log nightlight activity	(5)Log nightlight activity	(6)Log nightlight activity	(7)Log nightlight activity	(8)Log nightlight activity
Border with China	0.0001567(0.02043)
Border with ROK		0.2979***(0.03091)
Agriculture focused			–0.02452(0.01326)
Mining focused				0.04273**(0.01319)
Manufacturing focused					0.006850(0.01317)
Chemical facilities						0.2272***(0.02141)
Nuclear facilities							0.2466***(0.03347)
Missile launch site								–0.1420***(0.03963)
Provincial populationdensity (people/km2)	0.0006929***(0.00009815)	0.0009602***(0.0001007)	0.0006932***(0.0009808)	0.0006970***(0.0000979)	0.0006951***(0.0000982)	0.0007602***(0.0000968)	0.0006842***(0.0000974)	0.0006926***(0.00009795)
Nightlight activity×Provincial pop. density	–0.0000419***(0.0000121)	0.0000696***(0.0000101)	–0.00004219***(0.0000098)	–0.00004172***(0.0000098)	–0.00004222***(0.0000098)	–0.00004836***(0.0000097)	–0.00004084***(0.0000097)	–0.00004202***(0.0000098)
Constant	–2.014***(0.02847)	–2.016***(0.02976)	–2.003***(0.02891)	–2.040***(0.02945)	–2.017***(0.02892)	–2.035***(0.02796)	–2.024***(0.02815)	–2.010***(0.02831)
Observations	3,534	3,534	3,534	3,534	3,534	3,534	3,534	3,534
Adjusted R2	0.2939	0.3121	0.2946	0.296	0.2939	0.3158	0.3046	0.2964

Standard errors in parentheses.
p<0.01,
p<0.001.
ROK, South Korea.