Table 3. Descriptive statistics (year)

Type	Variable name	Year	N	Mean	SD	Min	Max
Dependent variable	Online political participation (OPP)	2014	8,182	1.087	0.354	1	6
		2015	8,199	1.118	0.441
		2016	8,416	1.105	0.384
		2017	8,267	1.122	0.441
		2018	8,461	1.119	0.429
		2019	8,428	1.106	0.401
Independent variable	Social media use (SMU)	2014	8,182	1.322	0.892	1	6
		2015	8,199	1.423	1.029
		2016	8,416	1.471	1.100
		2017	8,267	1.484	1.082
		2018	8,461	1.619	1.223
		2019	8,428	1.640	1.224
Instrumental variable	Telecommunication costs (IV)	2014	7,392	5.179	2.042	1	11
		2015	7,524	5.188	2.044
		2016	7,812	5.020	1.886
		2017	7,792	5.051	1.888
		2018	8,060	4.914	1.847
		2019	8,078	4.859	1.804
Control variable	Privacy concern	2014	8,182	3.132	1.184	1	8
		2015	8,199	3.013	1.116
		2016	8,416	3.150	1.112
		2017	8,267	4.271	1.898
		2018	8,461	4.016	1.833
		2019	8,428	4.304	1.879